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Green Bonds: Introduction and perspective in Ecuador

The use of fossil fuels such as oil, gas and coal in energy production activities has led to an increase in the concentration of greenhouse gases, contributing to global warming and directly influencing climate change. This is how a sustainable model was born in Switzerland more than 10 years ago to promote it in the capital markets, due to the fact that their pension funds were at risk in their portfolios, so they looked for investments that would help mitigate climate change, and together with the World Bank they designed the instrument that would provoke liquidity through sustainable projects, with the emission of Green Bonds. Green Bonds are debt instruments issued by public and private companies, or corporations that have the objective of financing or refinancing partially or totally new or existing green projects, aimed at Sustainable Development Goals such as Clean Water and Sanitation, Affordable and Non-Polluting Energy, Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure, Sustainab...
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Analysis of fuel subsidies, the IMF and juncture risks in Ecuador.

Analysis of fuel subsidies, the IMF and juncture risks in Ecuador. (Alquinga.B- Mantilla.R) Subsidies are public assistance benefits of an economic nature and of a fixed duration (RAE, 2017), which aim to improve living conditions and meet the needs of vulnerable sectors by facilitating their access to specific goods and services. In Ecuador, the policy of fuel subsidies was implemented in 1973 and from this year onwards, the amount allocated to this system increased progressively due to the increase in oil prices, despite the fact that several studies show that the greatest beneficiaries are households belonging to the highest quintiles of the population, generating externalities. However, an elimination of the subsidy entails an economic contraction in each one of the households that receive low income, in addition it would show a political repercussion and social upheaval in the country due to the fact that the population sees the subsidies as an obligatory right that they mus...
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Financial Crisis 2008, Causes and Consequences Alegría Valeria, Salazar Saúl The 2008 financial crisis cost millions of people their savings, jobs and homes, which was unleashed due to the collapse of the housing bubble in the United States, affecting not only this country, but also several countries around the world, thus producing one of the worst global crises in history. The main cause of the global crisis was the granting of subprime mortgages, which were very well received by people. Given this problem, this paper seeks to explain the causes and consequences of the crisis. After the Great Depression, the United States experienced 40 years of economic growth without going through any financial crisis. In 1980, the financial industry was transformed. The investment banks gave access to their capital to all types of investors; from this, the American financial industry suffered a period of deregulation, boosting salaries only in this sector. At the end of the 90s, t...
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